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Protein Exosome Marker

Written/Edited by Dr. Stefan Pellenz, PhD

Exosomes are extracellular microvesicles (EMV) excreted by most cells involved in intercellular communication. They are present in bodily fluids and can contain a vast array of different proteins depending on their host cell. Their content is further modulated by the cellular state such as stress or activation, or inhibition of specific signaling pathways. This makes exosomes excellent biomarkers for liquid biopsies e.g. in cancer diagnosis.

exosome biogenesis and protein markers

Exosome Biogenesis begins with the invagination of early endosomes. These mature into late endosomes and then further into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). MVB formation involves the inward budding of the endosomal membrane, leading to the sequestration of cytoplasmic components into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). ILVs are released through exocytosis into the extracellular space, which earned exosomes their name. Exosomes can contain a wide variety of exosome protein markers depending on their host cell which and the cell’s state, e.g. stress or activation, or inhibition of specific signaling pathways). Tetraspanins like CD9, CD63 and CD81 are the most common canonical exosome marker proteins. Surface localization of tetraspanins makes them particularly well suited for immunolabeling and purification of exosomes from biological samples. Components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) like TSG101 and Alix, cytoskeletal proteins, integrins and annexins are also enriched on exosomes. These molecules play a pivotal role in exosome targeting and cell adhesion.

What are Exosomes?

Exosomes are small (50-120nm) endosome-derived extracellular microvesicles (EMV) that play a crucial role in intercellular communication by transporting various biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, between cells. They were first observed in the early 1980s in the culture media of reticulocytes. The term exosome is based on the observation that they are released through exocytosis into the extracellular media. Exosomes share similar topology to the plasma membrane and are released by virtually all cell types and have been confirmed in all bodily fluids.

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How are Exosomes formed?

Exosome biogenesis usually begins with the internalization of extracellular material through endocytosis leading to the formation of early endosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles that contain the internalized cargo. These then mature into late endosomes, a process accompanied by changes in membrane composition and cargo sorting. Late endosomes can develop into MVBs, which are characterized by the presence of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) formed through invagination of the endosomal membrane. In the MVB, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other molecules are sorted into ILVs. This sorting is a critical step in exosome biogenesis and is achieved by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT). The ESCRT consists of several protein complexes (ESCRT-0, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II, ESCRT-III) that work together to recognize and sequester cargo into budding ILVs. MVBs can then either fuse with lysosomes for degradation, or they can fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the ILVs into the extracellular space as exosomes.

How are Exosomes Identified?

Exosomes contain a vast array of different proteins depending on their host cell which, and their components are further modulated by cellular state (e.g. stress or activation, or inhibition of specific signaling pathways). Tetraspanins like CD9, CD63 and CD81 are the most common canonical exosome marker proteins, present on the vesicle surface. Surface localization of tetraspanin antigens makes them good candidate targets for immunolabeling and purification of exosomes from biological samples. Components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) like TSG101 and Alix, cytoskeletal proteins, integrins and annexins are also enriched on exosomes; these molecules play a pivotal role in exosome targeting and cell adhesion.

Why are Exosomes important?

Secretion of exosomes occurs constitutively though the rate of exosome secretion, and composition of exosomes may be augmented by a variety of intrinsic or extrinsic factors (e.g. cell stress, signaling cascades). Despite their ubiquitous nature, exosomes are considered unconventional secretory pathway components.

Because exosomes are secreted from nearly every cell type, their composition mirrors their host diversity, and depends heavily upon the type of cell from which they originate. Their molecular composition also reflects physiological or pathophysiological changes in their cell or tissue of origin. This makes exosomes excellent biomarkers for liquid biopsies to diagnose and track disease progression. For cancer diagnostics, exosomes have significant advantages over circulating tumor cells (CTCs) or circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) because of their abundance, stability, and the wide variety of contained marker molecules.

Exosomes are also implicated in cell-cell communication. Exosome components may be transferred directly to neighboring cells or may be shuttled across different cells before reaching their end destination via a method known as transcytosis. This way, exosomes can transmit signals across large distances where simple diffusion may be insufficient. Their role in cell-cell communication suggests that exosomes may have a deeper role in many physiological processes; this hypothesis is supported by the observation that exosome signaling plays a direct role in development and patterning, immune response, neuronal communication, and tissue repair.

In some pathologies, exosomes also act as vectors; tumor cell-derived exosomes play an active role in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Exosomes shed from stimulated blood cells and the vascular endothelium are involved in neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, transient ischemic attacks, and antiphospholipid syndrome. Exosomes may also carry damaged cellular material targeted for destruction and facilitate the spreading of toxic forms of aggregated proteins such as α-synuclein and β-amyloid and contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Some research also suggests that exosome transport has been exploited by viral pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 to travel between host cells and evade immune detection. Because of their small size and simple structure, exosomes may sometimes cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been suggested that exosomes could serve as a delivery system targeting the central nervous system to treat neuropathic diseases without the need for invasive surgery. The use of exosomes to transfer genetic information, or to deliver therapeutic agents is a currently underexplored field that holds vast medicinal potential.

How are Exosomes Studied?

The exosome secretome is vast and diverse, containing many different markers (see http://www.exocarta.org/). The presence of canonical surface markers like those listed above permits purification and in-depth study of exosome secretion and content from different sample types.

antibodies-online offers a range of antibodies and ELISA kits for the detection of know exosome proteins.

Exosome Marker Antibodies

Based on recent literature, the most relevant protein exosome markers include:

Protein Gene GeneID Uniprot Ref exocarta Top 100 proteins TS EF LP TA CS AG MT AP HS EN RG CA II VI ND
14-3-3 protein epsilon YWHAE 7531 P62258 - 22 X
14-3-3 protein beta/alpha YWHAB 7529P3194650x
14-3-3 protein eta YWHAH7533Q0491794x
14-3-3 protein gamma YWHAG 7532P6198154x
14-3-3 protein theta YWHAQ 10971P2734856x
14-3-3 protein zeta/delta YWHAZ 7534 P63104 - 15 X
78 kDa glucose-regulated protein HSPA5 3309 P11021 (1) 35 X
Actin, cytoplasmic 1 ACTB 60 P60709 - 5 X
ADAM10 ADAM10 102 O14672 (2) - X X X X
Alix PDCD6IP 10015 Q8WUM4 (3) 2 X
Alpha-Enolase ENO1 2023 P06733 (4) 9 X
Alpha-Synclein SNCA 6622 P37840 (32) - X X
Aminopeptidase N ANPEP 290 P15144 - - X X
Beta-amyloid APP 351 P05067 (5) - X
Annexin A1 ANXA1301P0408353x
Annexin A11 ANXA11311P5099568x
Annexin A4 ANXA4307P0952572x
Annexin A6 ANXA6309P0813367x
Annexin A5 ANXA5 308 P08758 (6) 20 X X
Annexin A2 ANXA2 302 P07355 (7) 6 X
AP-1 JUN 3725 P05412 - - X X
ATP citrate lyase ACLY 47 P53396 - 72 X
ATPase ATP1A1 476 P05023 - 39 X
Basigin BSG 682 P35613 (8) - X X
Caveolin-1 CAV1 857 Q03135 (9), (10) - X X
CD9 CD9 928 P21926 (11) 1 X
CD11a ITGAL 3683 P20701 (12) - X X
CD11b ITGAX 3687 P11215 (12) - X X
CD11c ITGAM 3684 P20702 (12) - X X
CD29 ITGB1 3688 P05556 (12) 34 X X
CD37 CD37 951 P11049 (11) - X
CD44 CD44 960 P16070 (13) - X X
CD49f ITGA6 3655 P23229 (12) 89 X X
CD53 CD53963P19397-x
CD63 CD63 967 P08962 (10), (11) 7 X X
CD81 CD81 975 P60033 (14) 24 X X
CD82 CD82 3732 P27701 (11) - X
CD142 TF 2152 P13726 (15) - X X
CD146 MCAM 4162 P43121 (15) - X X
CD163 CD163 9332 Q86VB7 (15) - X X X
Clathrin heavy chain 1 CLTC 1213 Q00610 - 23 X
Claudin-1 CLDN1 9076 O95832 (8) - X
Cofilin-1 CFL1 1072 P23528 - 25 X
- - (16) - X
- - (16) - X
EF-1-alpha-1 EEF1A1 1915 P68104 (4) 14 X
EF2 EEF2 1938 P13639 - 17 X
EGFR EGFR 1956 P00533 (15) - X
Ep-CAM EPCAM 4072 P16422 (17), (18) - X X
Fatty acid synthase FASN 2194 P49327 (3) 21 X X
Fibronectin FN12335P0275193
Flotillin-1 FLOT1 10211 O75955 (18), (19) 41 X X
Flotillin-2 FLOT2 2319 Q14254 (19) - X
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A ALDOA 226 P04075 - 18 X
Gelsolin GSN2934P0639692xx
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GAPDH 2597 P04406 - 4 X
HCV core protein - - (20) - X
Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1A HSPA1A3303P0DMV851x
Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha HSP90AA1 3320 P07900 (1) 10 X X
Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta HSP90AB1 3326 P08238 (1) 19 X
Heparanase HPSE 10855 Q9Y251 (21) - X X
- - (20) - X
- - (20) - X
HLA-DRA HLA-DRA 3122 P01903 (22) - X X X
HLA-G 3135 P17693 (23) - X X X
Hsc70 HSPA8 3312 P11142 (1) 3 X
- - (16) - X
Tax - - (20) - X
Huntingtin HTT 3064 P42858 (5) - X X
ICAM-1 ICAM1 3383 P05362 (24) - X
Leucine-rich receptor kinase 2 LRRK2 120892 Q5S007 (5) - X
L-lactate dehydrogenase A chain LDHA 3939 P00338 - 13 X
Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 LAMP1 3916 P11279 (25) - X X
Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 LAMP2 3920 P13473 (23) 88 X X
MHCI - - (26) - X X
MHCII - - (26) - X X
MUC1 MUC1 4582 P15941 (15) - X X
N-cadherin CDH2 1000 P19022 (15) - X X
Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 PGK1 5230 P00558 (4) 16 X
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase ALPP 250 P05187 (15) - X X
Prion proteins - - (5) - X
Prostate-specific antigen KLK3 354 P07288 (27) - X X
Pyruvate kinase PKM PKM 5315 P14618 (28) 12 X X
Rab-14 RAB14 51552 P61106 - 75 X
Rab-5a RAB5A 5868 P20339 - 80 X
Rab-5b RAB5B 5869 P61020 - 86 X
Rab-5c RAB5C 5878 P51148 - 64 X
Rab-7 RAB7A 7879 P51149 - 61 X
Rap 1B RAP1B 5908 P61224 - 33 X
Superoxide dismutase SOD16647P00441-xx
Syndecan-1 SDC1 6382 P18827 (29) - X
Syndecan-4 SDC4 6385 P31431 (29) - X
Syntenin-1 SDCBP 6386 O00560 (30) 8 X
TARDBP TDP-4323435Q13148-x
Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase VCP7415P5507226
Triosephosphate isomerase TPI17167P6017427x
Tumor-Associated Glycoprotein TAG-72 - - (15) - X
Tetraspanin-8 Tspan8 7103 P19075 (15) - X X
Tsg101 TSG101 7251 Q99816 (31) 11 X
Tubulin alpha-1C chain TUBA1C84790Q9BQE3-x
Tubulin alpha-4A chain TUBA4A7277P68366-x
Tubulin beta-2B chain TUBB2B347733Q9BVA1-x
Tubulin beta-4B chain TUBB4B10383P68371-x
Vacuolar-sorting protein 35 VPS35 55737 Q96QK1 (5) - X X

Get our exosome marker poster!

By clicking on the link below, you can download a copy of our Exosome poster in PDF format.

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Stefan Pellenz
Dr. Stefan Pellenz, PhD
Product Manager at antibodies-online.com

Goal-oriented, time line driven scientist, proficiently trained in different academic institutions in Germany, France and the USA. Experienced in the life sciences e-commerce environment with a focus on product development and customer relation management.

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